Handbook of Polymer Testing

Handbook of Polymer Testing
Smithers Rapra Technology | ISSN 185957324X | 2002-06-01 | PDF | 224 Pages | 7,6 Mb

Knowledge of the properties of plastics is essential for designing products, specifying the material to be used, carrying out quality control on finished products, failure analysis and for understanding the structure and behaviour of new materials.

Each class of materials has its own specific test procedures, which have developed as the material has evolved. This book concentrates on one area of testing – short-term mechanical tests. These are defined as tests of mechanical properties where the effects of long periods of time and cycling are ignored. This group of tests includes hardness, tensile, compression, shear, flexing, impact and tear and in this book it is also taken to include density and dimensional measurement together with test piece preparation and conditioning.

The topics covered in this book, include:

1 Introduction: this explains, Reasons for Testing, Source and Condition of Test Pieces, Test Conditions, Limitations of Results, Sampling, Standards, Quality Control of Testing, Test Equipment, Product Testing, and Modes of Stressing.

2 Test Piece Preparation: Mixing, Moulding, Stamping from Sheet or Film, and Machining.

3 Conditioning: Storage, Conditioning, Heat Treatment, Mechanical Conditioning, Test Conditions, and Apparatus for Conditioning.

4 Mass, Density and Dimensions: Measurement of Mass, of Density, and of Dimensions.

5 Hardness: Relationships, Standard Methods, and Other Methods.

6 Tensile Stress-Strain: General, and Test Methods.

7 Compression Stress-Strain: Test Apparatus, Standard, and Other Tests.

8 Shear Properties: Standard, and Other Tests.

9 Flexural Stress-Strain: General, and Test Methods.

10 Impact Strength: General, and Specific Tests.

11 Tear Properties: Test Piece Geometry, Standard, and Other Tests

12 Fracture Toughness: Standard, and Other Methods.

This book will be useful to all those who are already involved in the testing of polymers and it is an ideal guide to those just starting out in the field, whether in academia or industry.

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From Bulk to Nano: The Many Sides of Magnetism (Springer Series in Materials Science)

From Bulk to Nano: The Many Sides of Magnetism (Springer Series in Materials Science)
Springer | ISSN 3540705473 | 2008-10-01 | PDF | 176 Pages | 5,6 Mb

The field of magnetism is rapidly advancing in this new millennium, revealing an ever-wider diversity of magnetic phenomena on more than one scale. With the emergence of countless applications particularly on a nanoscale, and their unpredictable implications mostly on a macroscale, it may seem that different aspects of magnetism are unrelated. Quite often, the overwhelming amount of topics discussed in the professional literature views only parts of a field, ignoring a broader context. Therefore, the present book aims at addressing the relationship between apparently unconnected topics in magnetism. Less obvious relationships are revealed among individual fields on various scales, making them better understandable.

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The Concept of Probability in Statistical Physics (Cambridge Studies in Probability, Induction and Decision Theory)

The Concept of Probability in Statistical Physics (Cambridge Studies in Probability, Induction and Decision Theory)
Cambridge University Press | ISSN 0521621283 | 1999-07-13 | PDF | 280 Pages | 5,6 Mb

Foundational issues in statistical mechanics and the more general question of how probability is to be understood in the context of physical theories are both areas that have been neglected by philosophers of physics. This book fills an important gap in the literature by providing the most systematic study to date of how to interpret probabilistic assertions in the context of statistical mechanics. The book will be of particular interest to philosophers of science, physicists and mathematicians interested in foundational issues, and also to historians of science.

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Physics of Semiconductor Devices

Physics of Semiconductor Devices
Springer | ISSN 1402070187 | 2002-05-01 | PDF | 456 Pages | 6,6 Mb

Physics of Semiconductor Devices is a textbook aimed at college undergraduate and graduate teaching. It covers both basic classic topics such as energy band theory and the gradual-channel model of the MOSFET as well as advanced concepts and devices such as MOSFET short-channel effects, low-dimensional devices and single-electron transistors. As a prerequisite, this text requires mathematics through differential equations and modern physics where students are introduced to quantum mechanics. Concepts are introduced to the reader in a simple way, often using comparisons to everyday-life experiences such as simple fluid mechanics. They are then explained in depth and mathematical developments are fully described.
Physics of Semiconductor Devices contains a list of problems that can be used as homework assignments or can be solved in class to exemplify the theory. Many of these problems make use of Matlab and are aimed at illustrating theoretical concepts in a graphical manner. A series of these Matlab problems is based on a simple finite-element solution of semiconductor equations. These yield the exact solution to equations that have no analytical solutions and are usually solved using approximations, such as the depletion approximation. The exact numerical solution can then be graphically compared to the solution using the approximation.
The different chapters of Physics of Semiconductor Devices cover the following material:

* Energy Band Theory.
* Theory of Electrical Conduction.
* Generation/Recombination Phenomena.
* The PN Junction Diode.
* Metal-semiconductor contacts.
* JFET and MESFET.
* The MOS Transistor.
* The Bipolar Transistor.
* Heterojunction Devices.
* Quantum-Effect Devices.
* Semiconductor Processing.

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Magnetic Techniques for the Treatment of Materials (Advances in Global Change Research)

Magnetic Techniques for the Treatment of Materials (Advances in Global Change Research)
Springer | ISSN 1402020384 | 2004-05-19 | PDF | 656 Pages | 7,6 Mb

This book reflects changes that have occurred during the last two decades in theoretical understanding and practical implementation of magnetic techniques in materials treatment. Research and development needs, based on the current strategic thinking and on principles of sustainable development are outlined. Development of magnetic separators based on powerful permanent magnetic materials, construction of reliable superconducting separators, design of efficient eddy-current separators and industrial implementation of magnetic carriers and magnetic fluids are examples of innovative changes that have taken place during the last twenty years.
The book reflects the current technological trends and re-positions the research, development and practice of magnetic methods of material treatment in such areas as minerals beneficiation, recycling, waste treatment and biomedical and clinical applications.

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Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XIV

Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XIV (Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application)
Springer | ISSN 0306465345 | 2001-01| PDF | 778 Pages | 3,6 Mb

Proceedings of the Millennium NATO/CCMS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and its Application, held May 15-19 in Boulder, Colorado.
This volume is the latest in a series of proceedings dating back to 1971. The book addresses the problem of air pollution and reports the latest findings and developments in air pollution modeling, from a truly international list of contributors.

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Design of Structural Steelwork

Design of Structural Steelwork
Routledge | ISSN 0903384590 | 1998-04-02 | PDF | 224Pages | 1,6 Mb

This second edition of Design of Structural Steelwork presents the essential design aspects of steel as a structural material. It has been carefully revised and updated to provide a modern introduction to the subject, assuming only a basic knowledge of structural analysis and solid mechanics.

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Characterisation of Polymers, Volume 1

Characterisation of Polymers, Volume 1
Smithers Rapra Technology | ISSN 1847351220 | 2008-06-18| PDF | 492 Pages | 6,6 Mb

This book is intended to be a complete compendium of the types of methodology that have evolved for the determination of the chemical composition of polymers. Volume 1 covers the methodology used for the determination of metals, non-metals and organic functional groups in polymers, and for the determination of the ratio in which different monomer units occur in copolymers. The techniques available for composition determination of homopolymers and copolymers and other recent modern techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, microthermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive analysis using X-rays are also included. The structure and microstructure of polymers, copolymers and rubbers are dealt with in Volume 2. More detailed aspects, such as sequencing of monomer units in copolymers, end-group analysis, tacticity and stereochemical determinations, are also dealt with in this subsequent volume. This book gives an up-to-date and thorough exposition of the state-of-the-art theories and availability of instrumentation needed to effect chemical and physical analysis of polymers. This is supported by approximately 1200 references.

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Ionic Liquids in Synthesis (Green Chemistry (Wiley)(2 vol. set)

Ionic Liquids in Synthesis (Green Chemistry (Wiley)(2 vol. set)

Publisher: Wiley-VCH | Pages: 776 | 2007-12-21 | ISBN: 3527312390 | PDF | 6 MB

Product Description:

The second, completely revised and enlarged edition of what has become the standard reference work in this fascinating field brings together the latest developments, supplemented by numerous practical tips, providing those working in both research and industry with an indispensable source of information. New contributions have been added, to reflect the fact that industrial processes are already established, and ionic liquids are now commercially available.
A must for everyone working in the field.

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Dislocations in Solids, Volume 12 (Dislocations in Solids)

Dislocations in Solids, Volume 12 (Dislocations in Solids)
North Holland | 602 pages | 2004-12-01 | ISBN: 044451483X | PDF | 7.4 Mb

This is the first volume to appear under the joint editorship of J.P. Hirth and F.R.N. Nabarro. While Volume 11 concentrated on the single topic of dislocations and work hardening, the present volume spreads over the whole range of the study of dislocations from the application by Kléman and his colleagues of homotopy theory to classifying the line and point defects of mesomorphic phases to Chaudhri's account of the experimental observations of dislocations formed around indentations.

Chapter 64, by Cai, Bulatove, Chang, Li and Yip, discusses the influence of the structure of the core of a dislocation on its mobility. The power of modern computation allows this topic to be treated from the first principles of electron theory, and with empirical potentials for more complicated problems. Advances in electron microscopy allow these theoretical predictions to be tested.

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High Pressure Process Technology: fundamentals and applications (Industrial Chemistry Library)

High Pressure Process Technology: fundamentals and applications (Industrial Chemistry Library)
Elsevier Science | 684 pages | 2001-09-01 | ISBN: 0444504982 | PDF | 4.4 Mb

Clear evidence of increasing demands in the processing industry prompted the editors and authors to publish a new book about High Pressure Process Technology: Fundamentals and Applications.

This book presents the latest knowledge regarding the high pressure processing aspects combined with that about the modeling, the design and the operation of safe and reliable high pressure plants and equipment. This treatment and selection of the subjects is stimulating and unique. Consisting of nine chapters, each subdivided into several sections, the book addresses the high pressure aspects, providing well selected correlated information connected with a comprehensive overview together with a large number of references.

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Arctic Oil and Gas: Sustainability at Risk (Routledge Explorations in Environmental Economics)

Arctic Oil and Gas: Sustainability at Risk (Routledge Explorations in Environmental Economics)
Routledge | 408 pages | 2008-09-30 | 041544330X | PDF | 3.4 Mb

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Energetic Materials, Volume 12: Part 1. Decomposition, Crystal and Molecular Properties (Theoretical and Computational Chemistr

Energetic Materials, Volume 12: Part 1. Decomposition, Crystal and Molecular Properties (Theoretical and Computational Chemistry)
Elsevier Science | 486 pages | 2003-11-25 | 0444515186 | PDF | 1.4 Mb

This volume provides an overview of current research and recent advances in the area of energetic materials, focusing on decomposition, crystal and molecular properties. The contents and format reflect the fact that theory, experiment and computation are closely linked in this field.

Since chemical decomposition is of fundamental importance in energetic performance, this volume begins with a survey of the decomposition processes of a variety of energetic compounds. This is followed by detailed studies of certain compounds and specific mechanisms, such as nitro/aci-nitro tautomerism. Chapter 6 covers the transition from decomposition to crystal properties, with molecular dynamics being the primary analytical tool. The next several chapters deal with different aspects of the crystalline state, again moving from the general to particular. There is also a discussion of methods for computing gas, liquid and solid phase heats of formation. Finally, the last portion of this volume looks at the potential of high-nitrogen molecules as energetic systems; this has been of considerable interest in recent years.

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Methods to Study Litter Decomposition: A Practical Guide

Methods to Study Litter Decomposition: A Practical Guide
Springer | 329 pages | 2005-01-01 | 1402033486 | PDF 4.4 Mb

Decomposition of organic matter is a major ecosystem process involving an array of different organisms, including bacteria, fungi and invertebrates. The main objective of this book is to provide students and laboratory instructors at universities and professional ecologists with a broad range of established methods to study plant litter decomposition. Detailed protocols for direct use in the field or laboratory are presented in an easy to follow step-by-step format. A short introduction to each protocol reviews the ecological significance and principles of the technique and points to key references. Although most methods are described for freshwater ecosystems, many will work equally well in the presented or slightly modified form for studies in marine and terrestrial environments.

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Evolving Methods for Macromolecular Crystallography: The Structural Path to the Understanding of the Mechanism of Action of CBR

Evolving Methods for Macromolecular Crystallography: The Structural Path to the Understanding of the Mechanism of Action of CBRN Agents
Springer | 191 pages | 2008-04-07 | 1402063156 | PDF | 6.4 Mb

X-ray crystallography is the pre-eminent technique for visualizing the structures of macromolecules at atomic resolution. These structures are central to understanding the detailed mechanisms of biological processes, and to discovering novel therapeutics using a structure-based approach. As yet, structures are known for only a small fraction of the proteins encoded by human and pathogenic genomes. To counter the myriad modern threats of disease, there is an urgent need to determine the structures of the thousands of proteins whose structure and function remain unknown. This volume draws on the expertise of leaders in the field of macromolecular crystallography to illuminate the dramatic developments that are accelerating progress in structural biology. Their contributions span the range of techniques from crystallization through data collection, structure solution and analysis, and show how modern high-throughput methods are contributing to a deeper understanding of medical problems.

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NMR Imaging in Chemical Engineering

NMR Imaging in Chemical Engineering
Wiley-VCH | 646 pages | 2006-03-06 | 352731234X | PDF | 5.4 Mb

How to use nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in chemical engineering.
Written by the internationally recognized top experts from academia and industry, this first book dedicated to the topic provides an overview of existing methods and strategies to solve individual problems in chemical engineering. Written in a simple and lively manner and backed by various industrial examples, the book begins with a look at hardware and methods, continuing on to cover porous materials, fluids and flow of increasing complexity from different fields of Chemical Engineering, before finishing off with a review of reactors and reactions.
The result allows engineers, industrial and academic researchers and decision-makers to gain a detailed insight into the NMR toolbox, such that they can estimate the benefit of NMR imaging with regard to cost efficiency and scientific results.
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Continental Scientific Drilling: A Decade of Progress, and Challenges for the Future

Continental Scientific Drilling: A Decade of Progress, and Challenges for the Future
Springer | 366 pages | 2007-03-12 | 3540687777 | PDF | 6.4 Mb

The International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) was established in 1996 to coordinate research that involves drilling into the continental crust. After 10 years of successful international and multidisciplinary drilling projects, this volume provides a review and synthesizes the accomplishments of the past decade of the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program and, more importantly, defines opportunities for scientific advancement through future drilling projects, addressing a broad range of disciplines in the Earth Sciences. Topics covered include the importance of scientific drilling for: Climate Change and Global Environments, Impact Structures, the Geobiosphere, Volcanic Systems, Active Faults, Hotspot Volcanoes and Large Igneous Provinces, Convergent Plate Boundaries and Collision Zones, and Natural Resources. In addition this book contains a summary of past projects and activities supported by the ICDP.

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Color Constancy (The Wiley-IS&T Series in Imaging Science and Technology)

Color Constancy (The Wiley-IS&T Series in Imaging Science and Technology)
Wiley | 408 pages | 2007-06-15 | 0470058293 | PDF | 2.4 Mb

A human observer is able to recognize the color of objects irrespective of the light used to illuminate them. This is called color constancy. A digital camera uses a sensor to measure the reflected light, meaning that the measured color at each pixel varies according to the color of the illuminant. Therefore, the resulting colors may not be the same as the colors that were perceived by the observer. Obtaining color constant descriptors from image pixels is not only important for digital photography, but also valuable for computer vision, color-based automatic object recognition, and color image processing in general.

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Propellants and Explosives: Thermochemical Aspects of Combustion

Propellants and Explosives: Thermochemical Aspects of Combustion
Wiley-VCH | 530 pages | 2007-01-09 | 3527314245 | PDF | 3.4 Mb

This second edition of the classic on the thermochemistry of combustion now features five new chapters and updated coverage of significant recent developments in the field.
Addressing both experimental as well as theoretical aspects, the book covers the thermochemical and combustion characteristics of all important types of energetic materials, such as explosives, propellants, and the new class of pyrolants, as well as related phenomena. It presents the fundamental bases of the energetics of materials, deflagration and detonation, thermochemical process of decomposition and combustion, plus combustion wave structures. The book also goes on to discuss the combustion mechanisms of various types of energetic materials, propellants, and explosives, based on the heat transfer process in the combustion waves. The burning rate models are also presented as an aid to understanding the rate-controlling steps of combustion processes, thus demonstrating the relationships of burning rate versus pressure and initial temperature. As a major topic new to this edition, new propulsion methods such as duct rockets, ramjets, pulse motors and thrusters are described in detail, while appendices on flow field dynamics and shock wave propagation have been added.

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Hazardous Laboratory Chemicals Disposal Guide, Third Edition

Margaret-Ann Armour “Hazardous Laboratory Chemicals Disposal Guide, Third Edition"
CRC | 2003-02-27 | ISBN: 1566705673 | 592 pages | PDF | 2,4 MB

The latest version of a bestseller, Hazardous Laboratory Chemicals Disposal Guide, Third Edition includes individual entries for over 300 compounds. The extensive list of references has been updated and includes entries for 15 pesticides commonly used in greenhouses. Emphasis is placed on disposal methods that turn hazardous waste material into non-toxic products. These methods fall into several categories, including acid/base neutralization, oxidation or reduction, and precipitation of toxic ions as insoluble solids. The text also provides data on hazardous reactions of chemicals, assisting laboratory managers in developing a plan of action for emergencies such as the spill of any of the chemicals listed.

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